What Is Lung Cancer?

What Is Lung Cancer?

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs, characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both lungs. These abnormal cells do not carry out the functions of normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy lung tissue. As they grow, the abnormal cells can form tumors that can interfere with the main function of the lungs, which is to provide oxygen to the body through the blood.

Types of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is broadly categorized into two main types based on the appearance of the cancer cells under a microscope and how they behave and grow:

1. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for about 85% of cases. NSCLC generally grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. NSCLC is further divided into several subtypes:

• Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common form of lung cancer in non-smokers. It usually starts in the outer parts of the lungs and tends to grow more slowly than other types.
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: This type usually starts in the squamous cells that line the inside of the airways in the lungs. It is often linked to smoking.
• Large Cell Carcinoma: This type can appear in any part of the lung and tends to grow and spread quickly, which can make it harder to treat.

2. Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)

Small Cell Lung Cancer makes up about 15% of all lung cancer cases. SCLC is also known as oat cell cancer due to the shape of its cells. It tends to grow more rapidly and spread more quickly than NSCLC. This type of lung cancer is strongly associated with smoking. SCLC is further classified into two stages:

• Limited Stage: Cancer is confined to one lung and possibly nearby lymph nodes.
• Extensive Stage: Cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Causes of Lung Cancer

Several factors contribute to the development of lung cancer, including:

• Smoking: The leading cause of lung cancer, responsible for approximately 85% of cases. The risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked and the duration of smoking.
• Secondhand Smoke: Exposure to secondhand smoke can also increase the risk of lung cancer.
• Radon Gas: A naturally occurring radioactive gas that can cause lung cancer. It can accumulate in homes and buildings.
• Asbestos and Other Carcinogens: Exposure to asbestos and other carcinogens such as arsenic, chromium, and nickel can increase the risk.
• Family History: A family history of lung cancer can increase a person’s risk.
• Air Pollution: Prolonged exposure to polluted air can increase the risk of developing lung cancer.

Symptoms of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer symptoms often do not appear until the disease is advanced, but some people with early lung cancer may exhibit symptoms. These can include:

• Persistent cough that gets worse over time
• Chest pain that is often worse with deep breathing, coughing, or laughing
• Hoarseness
• Weight loss and loss of appetite
• Shortness of breath
• Feeling tired or weak
• Infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia that don’t go away or keep coming back
• New onset of wheezing

Diagnosis of Lung Cancer

Diagnosing lung cancer involves several tests and procedures to determine the presence of cancer, its type, and its stage. These may include:

• Imaging Tests: Chest X-ray, CT scan, PET scan, and MRI to visualize the lungs.
• Sputum Cytology: Examining mucus coughed up from the lungs under a microscope.
• Biopsy: Removing a sample of tissue for examination. This can be done through bronchoscopy, needle biopsy, or surgical biopsy.
• Molecular Testing: Identifying specific genes, proteins, and other factors unique to cancer.

Treatment Options for Lung Cancer

The treatment strategy for lung cancer depends on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health. The main treatment options include:

1. Surgery

Surgery is often the primary treatment for early-stage NSCLC. The types of lung surgery include:

• Wedge Resection: Removal of a small, wedge-shaped portion of the lung containing the tumor.
• Lobectomy: Removal of an entire lobe of the lung.
• Pneumonectomy: Removal of an entire lung.

2. Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It can be used as the primary treatment, in combination with surgery or chemotherapy, or to relieve symptoms in advanced cancer.

3. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. It can be administered orally or intravenously and is often used in combination with other treatments.

4. Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy focuses on specific molecular targets associated with cancer. It is usually used for NSCLC and includes drugs that block the growth and spread of cancer cells.

5. Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy helps the immune system fight cancer. It is used for both NSCLC and SCLC, particularly in cases where other treatments have failed.

6. Palliative Care

Palliative care focuses on providing relief from symptoms and improving the quality of life for patients with advanced lung cancer.

Cost of Lung Cancer Treatment in India

Lung cancer treatment cost in India varies widely based on the type of treatment, hospital, city, and specific patient requirements. Here’s a breakdown of the costs:

• Surgery: The cost of lung cancer surgery in India ranges from INR 3,00,000 to INR 7,00,000 depending on the complexity and hospital facilities.
• Chemotherapy: The cost per cycle of chemotherapy ranges from INR 70,000 to INR 1,50,000. Patients typically need multiple cycles.
• Radiation Therapy: The cost of radiation therapy ranges from INR 2,00,000 to INR 5,00,000.
• Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy: These advanced treatments can range from INR 5,00,000 to INR 20,00,000 depending on the drugs used and the duration of treatment.
• Diagnostic Tests: Initial diagnosis and staging can cost between INR 1,00,000 to INR 2,00,000.

Best Hospitals for Lung Cancer Treatment in India

India boasts several top-tier hospitals renowned for their expertise in lung cancer treatment. Some of the best hospitals include:

1. All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi: Known for its comprehensive cancer care and advanced treatment protocols.
2. Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai: A leading cancer center recognized for its research and treatment excellence.
3. Apollo Hospitals, Chennai: Offers cutting-edge treatment options and a multidisciplinary approach to cancer care.56
4. Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon: Equipped with the latest technology and a team of experienced oncologists.
5. Max Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi: Provides personalized cancer care and advanced treatment options.

Conclusion

Lung cancer is a complex disease requiring a comprehensive and personalized treatment approach. Understanding the types of lung cancer, the various treatment options available, and the associated costs in India can help patients and their families make informed decisions. India’s leading hospitals offer world-class facilities and expert care, making the country a preferred destination for lung cancer treatment. By being aware of the symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options, patients can take proactive steps towards managing and overcoming lung cancer.